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Related Concept Videos

The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For example, the parenchyma cells of leaves possess only a thin, primary cell wall.
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Plant cells have a cell wall, a rigid outer covering that protects the cell and provides shape and support. During cell division, a mixture of enzymes, proteins, and glucose molecules is transported via vesicles to the center of the cell. These vesicles continuously fuse and build a cell plate between the dividing cells. As the cell plate matures, new polysaccharides are added to it to form the cell walls of the daughter cells. The predominant polysaccharide in the cell wall is cellulose, made...
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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
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Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

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Cell type boundaries organize plant development.

Monica Pia Caggiano1, Xiulian Yu1, Neha Bhatia1,2

  • 1European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.

Elife
|September 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leaf development is guided by gene expression patterns that establish symmetry and influence growth. Auxin levels feedback on these patterns, affecting leaf shape and wound responses.

Keywords:
<i>a. thaliana</i>auxinboundariesdevelopmental biologyleafmeristemmorphogenesisorganogenesisplant biologystem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Leaf development establishes an axis of symmetry, crucial for organ morphogenesis.
  • The precise mechanisms of dorsoventral boundary establishment and its developmental influence are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate how dorsoventral boundary patterning is established in plant leaves.
  • To investigate the role of HD-ZIPIII and KAN gene expression in leaf development.
  • To understand the feedback mechanisms between auxin and dorsoventral patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Live-imaging of gene expression and plant development.
  • Perturbation experiments to manipulate gene expression and auxin levels.
  • Analysis of gene expression domains and auxin response localization.

Main Results:

  • Leaf orientation, morphology, and position are pre-patterned by HD-ZIPIII and KAN gene expression in the shoot.
  • A model is proposed where dorsoventral genes regulate plant development by localizing auxin response.
  • Auxin levels provide feedback, spatially organizing HD-ZIPIII and KAN expression in the shoot periphery.
  • This auxin-mediated regulation explains wound-induced effects on leaf dorsoventrality.

Conclusions:

  • HD-ZIPIII and KAN genes, in conjunction with auxin, are key regulators of leaf dorsoventral patterning.
  • The interplay between auxin and these genes establishes leaf symmetry and influences developmental responses, including wound healing.