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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

Published on: March 24, 2023

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Spoken language and everyday functioning in 5-year-old children using hearing aids or cochlear implants.

Linda Cupples1, Teresa Yc Ching2,3, Laura Button2,3

  • 1a Department of Linguistics and Centre for Cognition and its Disorders , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.

International Journal of Audiology
|September 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Early hearing aid fitting and cochlear implant activation significantly improve language, speech, and daily functioning in children with congenital hearing loss.

Keywords:
Childrencochlear implantsearly interventioneveryday functioninghearing aidshearing losslanguage and speechpredictors of outcomes

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric audiology
  • Developmental pediatrics
  • Speech-language pathology

Background:

  • Congenital hearing loss impacts children's language, speech, and daily functioning.
  • Understanding factors influencing long-term outcomes is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors influencing 5-year language, speech, and everyday functioning in children with congenital hearing loss.
  • To identify key demographic and intervention variables associated with better outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 339 children with congenital hearing loss (LOCHI study).
  • Direct assessments (PLS-4, PPVT-4, DEAP) and parent reports (CDI, PEACH).
  • Regression analyses to determine influencing factors.

Main Results:

  • Children's language and functioning scores were below average, with significant variance explained by regression models.
  • Earlier cochlear implant (CI) activation and higher non-verbal ability correlated with better outcomes.
  • Earlier hearing aid (HA) fitting and oral communication use improved language assessment scores.

Conclusions:

  • Early HA fitting and CI activation are strongly supported as beneficial interventions.
  • Intervention timing and communication modality significantly influence developmental trajectories.