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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

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Petrobactin Is Exported from Bacillus anthracis by the RND-Type Exporter ApeX.

A K Hagan1, A Tripathi2, D Berger1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Mbio
|September 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bacillus anthracis exports iron-scavenging siderophores using the ApeX transporter. Loss of ApeX causes siderophore accumulation but does not affect bacterial growth or virulence in mice.

Keywords:
Bacillus anthracisiron acquisitionsiderophorestransporters

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Bacillus anthracis requires iron for growth and utilizes the siderophore petrobactin for iron acquisition.
  • Iron acquisition is crucial for B. anthracis pathogenicity during infection.
  • The export mechanism of apo-petrobactin (iron-free siderophore) in B. anthracis remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the functional siderophore exporter in Bacillus anthracis.
  • To investigate the role of identified transporters in petrobactin export and B. anthracis virulence.
  • To apply novel mass spectrometry techniques for analyzing virulence factors.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis to predict potential transporter genes.
  • Construction and analysis of gene deletion mutants (ΔapeX).
  • Laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) to detect and quantify petrobactin.

Main Results:

  • A resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND)-type transporter, ApeX, was identified as a putative petrobactin exporter.
  • Deletion of apeX led to the intracellular accumulation of intact petrobactin.
  • Bacterial growth and virulence in a mouse model were not significantly affected by the absence of ApeX, indicating alternative export pathways for essential components.

Conclusions:

  • ApeX is identified as a functional siderophore exporter in B. anthracis, responsible for exporting intact petrobactin.
  • Alternative export mechanisms exist for petrobactin components, ensuring sufficient iron uptake for growth and virulence.
  • This study presents the first application of LAESI-MS for direct analysis of virulence factors from bacterial cultures of a human pathogen.