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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

A Standardized Pig to Macaque Heterotopic Heart Xenotransplantation Model

A Standardized Pig to Macaque Heterotopic Heart Xenotransplantation Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Xenotransplantation: past, present, and future.

Burcin Ekser¹, Ping Li, David K C Cooper

¹aDivision of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana bXenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation

|September 14, 2017

Summary

Xenotransplantation using genetically engineered pigs shows promising long-term survival in preclinical studies, paving the way for upcoming clinical trials. Advances in gene editing have accelerated the development of these life-saving therapies.

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Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

Organ transplantation
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Xenotransplantation, the use of animal organs in humans, faces significant immunological barriers.
Early efforts were hindered by hyperacute rejection, primarily due to antibodies against galactose-α1,3-galactose (Gal).

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in xenotransplantation.
To highlight findings that support the imminent clinical application of xenotransplantation.

Main Methods:

Development of genetically engineered pigs, including Gal-knockout models.
Application of advanced gene-editing technologies like CRISPR for efficient genetic modification.
Utilisation of multiple-gene modifications and costimulation blockade agents.

Main Results:

Prolonged survival of transplanted organs (heart, kidney, islets) in nonhuman primates exceeding hundreds of days.
Gene editing technologies have simplified the production of genetically modified pigs.
Overcoming antibody barriers beyond non-Gal antigens remains a challenge.

Conclusions:

Preclinical data strongly support the progression towards clinical trials in xenotransplantation.
The next decade is anticipated to bring further breakthroughs and identify new challenges in clinical xenotransplantation.