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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

703
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
703
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

671
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
671
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

545
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
545
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

591
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
591
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

550
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
550
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

648
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
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Related Experiment Video

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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension.

Harish Jarrett1, Christopher Barnett

  • 1Medstar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|September 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a severe cardiovascular complication of HIV infection. Current treatments are effective, but understanding its pathophysiology is crucial as HIV-PAH may become the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension globally.

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a serious cardiovascular complication of HIV infection with a poor prognosis.
  • Patients with HIV are significantly more likely to develop HIV-PAH than idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  • The exact pathogenic mechanisms involving HIV viral proteins are still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of HIV-PAH.
  • To provide insights into the pathophysiology of HIV-PAH.
  • To summarize current and potential future therapeutic strategies for HIV-PAH.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article summarizing existing data.
  • Literature search on HIV-PAH epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.
  • Analysis of current understanding and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Several HIV viral proteins are implicated in HIV-PAH pathogenesis.
  • New treatment strategies have emerged over the past two decades and show effectiveness.
  • Novel mechanisms involving the transforming growth factor β receptor family present potential future therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-PAH is a severe, progressive disease leading to right heart failure and death.
  • Effective treatments are available, but further understanding is critical.
  • HIV-PAH is projected to become the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension worldwide.