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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana
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Uncommon pollen walls: reasons and consequences).

Ettore Pacini1, Michael Hesse2

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Verhandlungen Der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Osterreich
|September 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The pollen wall, composed of sporopollenin exine and pectocellulosic intine, can vary in structure in seed plants. Reductions in exine or deviations in intine layers do not affect pollen viability.

Keywords:
calloseenvironmental constraintsexineharmomegathyintinepollenwater content

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Palynology
  • Developmental botany

Background:

  • The mature pollen wall in gymnosperms and angiosperms typically comprises a sporopolleninous exine and a pectocellulosic intine.
  • The angiosperm exine is generally structured with a tectum, columellae, foot layer, and endexine.
  • Variations in pollen wall structure, including exine reduction and intine modifications, are observed across diverse seed plant lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural variations in pollen walls, specifically exine and intine layers, in seed plants.
  • To understand the consequences of pollen wall deviations on pollen viability.
  • To identify factors contributing to the observed variations in exine and intine morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of pollen wall ultrastructure in various gymnosperm and angiosperm species.
  • Microscopic examination (e.g., electron microscopy) to detail exine and intine layer composition and arrangement.
  • Correlation of structural variations with pollen viability assessments.

Main Results:

  • Exine reduction, sometimes to complete absence, occurs in numerous unrelated seed plants without impacting pollen viability.
  • The intine layer can exhibit significant deviations, appearing unusually thick or multi-layered (two- to three-layered).
  • Both environmental factors and developmental constraints are implicated as causes for these aberrant exine and intine forms.

Conclusions:

  • Pollen wall structure exhibits considerable plasticity in seed plants, with significant deviations from the typical form.
  • These structural variations, including exine reduction and intine modifications, are not detrimental to pollen viability.
  • Environmental influences and developmental processes play crucial roles in shaping the diverse morphologies of pollen walls.