Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.3K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.3K
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

2.1K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
2.1K
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

1.5K
Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
1.5K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

930
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
930
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

1.1K
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
1.1K
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

2.2K
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pathology and Genetics in a Global Cohort of Parkinsonian Disorders.

JAMA neurology·2026
Same author

PREDICT-PD: A Two-Stage Approach to Early Identification of Parkinson's Disease.

Movement disorders clinical practice·2026
Same author

Diagnostic, Prognostic Value, and Pathological Associations of Levodopa Responsiveness in Parkinson's Disease, Multiple System Atrophy, and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same author

Phenoconversion in Pure Autonomic Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

JAMA neurology·2026
Same author

Kayser-Fleischer rings detected incidentally after ocular trauma leading to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease.

Practical neurology·2026
Same author

Cause, consequence, or synergy: the role of T-cell infiltration across neurodegenerative diseases.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same journal

Augmentation in Achilles tendon repair: evidence versus enthusiasm.

British medical bulletin·2026
Same journal

Regional musculoskeletal pain in workers-is the traditional medical model increasing disability?

British medical bulletin·2026
Same journal

Human health in relation to visible, functional, and accessible green space: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the 3 + 30 + 300 guideline.

British medical bulletin·2026
Same journal

Muscle herniae in exercise-induced leg pain: diagnostic pitfalls and the 'repair paradox'.

British medical bulletin·2026
Same journal

Scaffolds and platelet concentrates in bone regenerative medicine: applications, mechanisms, and future approaches.

British medical bulletin·2026
Same journal

Back squat and deadlift fatiguing protocols elicit distinct countermovement jump profiles: phase-specific predictors and soreness responses.

British medical bulletin·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

8.1K

Dystonia.

Eduardo De Pablo-Fernandez1,2, Thomas T Warner1,2

  • 1Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, UK.

British Medical Bulletin
|September 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dystonia, a movement disorder, is better understood through genetics and classification. However, treatments remain largely symptomatic, highlighting a need for disease-modifying therapies.

Keywords:
botulinum toxindystonia

More Related Videos

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

10.2K
Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
05:51

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

4.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

8.1K
Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

10.2K
Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
05:51

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

4.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Dystonia is a heterogeneous hyperkinetic movement disorder.
  • Recent scientific advances have improved understanding and clinical impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in dystonia classification, genetics, and treatment.
  • To identify areas for future research and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of peer-reviewed journals and reviews.
  • Analysis of data from PubMed.gov.

Main Results:

  • A new consensus classification aids clinical assessment.
  • Novel monogenic dystonia forms have been identified.
  • Deep brain stimulation shows promise for specific dystonia types.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding dystonia's mechanisms is advancing, particularly through genetics.
  • Current treatments are mostly symptomatic.
  • Future research focusing on disease mechanisms may yield targeted therapies.