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New, man-made N2-fixing systems.

W E Newton1

  • 1Western Regional Research Center, U.S.D.A., A.R.S., Albany, California 94710.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|September 24, 1987
PubMed
Summary
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Evidence that conserved residues Cys-62 and Cys-154 within the Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase MoFe protein α-subunit are essential for nitrogenase activity but conserved residues His-83 and Cys-88 are not.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of different Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase MoFe-protein conformations generated during enzyme turnover: evidence for S = 3/2 spin states from reduced MoFe-protein intermediates.

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Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenases with substitutions in the FeMo-cofactor environment of the MoFe protein: effects of acetylene or ethylene on interactions with H+, HCN, and CN-.

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Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenases containing altered MoFe proteins with substitutions in the FeMo-cofactor environment: effects on the catalyzed reduction of acetylene and ethylene.

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Biochemistry·1998

Researchers explored artificial nitrogen fixation methods, focusing on chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical nitrogen (N2) reduction. Studies also examined nitrogenase enzyme models for developing new industrial nitrogen-fixing processes.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Inorganic Chemistry
  • Catalysis and Green Chemistry

Background:

  • The global nitrogen cycle relies on fixed nitrogen, with increasing demand necessitating new artificial nitrogen fixation methods.
  • Current industrial nitrogen fixation (Haber-Bosch process) is energy-intensive and relies on fossil fuels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess and compare major inputs of fixed nitrogen into the global nitrogen cycle.
  • To evaluate the need for and potential basis of new, man-made nitrogen (N2)-fixing processes.
  • To review advancements in chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical N2 reduction systems.

Main Methods:

  • Traced the development of chemical N2 reduction systems since 1964.
  • Synthesized and studied metal-N2 complexes as precursors for N2 fixation.

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  • Investigated direct modeling of the nitrogenase active site and its prosthetic group.

    • Main Results:

    • Convergent experimental approaches led to successful cycling and catalysis in some N2-binding systems.
    • Demonstrated the synthesis of metal-N2 complexes and their protonation to form ammonia or hydrazine.
    • Highlighted the significant research gap in N2 oxidation compared to N2 reduction.

    Conclusions:

    • Artificial nitrogen fixation research shows progress in reductive pathways, with some systems demonstrating catalytic activity.
    • Modeling nitrogenase offers insights into designing efficient N2-fixing systems.
    • Further research is needed, particularly in N2 oxidation, to complement reductive approaches for sustainable nitrogen fixation.