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Updated: Feb 22, 2026
Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
Published on: June 9, 2023
Clinicopathological Risk Factors for Distant Metastasis in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: A Meta-analysis
Huy Gia Vuong1,2, Uyen N P Duong3, Thong Quang Pham2
1Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
Introduction:
Distant metastasis (DM) is not a frequent event in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) but has an adverse impact on mortality of patients with DTC. In the current study, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the risk factors for DM in DTCs and for each histological subtype.
Methods:
Five electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2016 for relevant articles. Pooled odd ratios and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random-effect model.
Results:
Thirty-four articles with 73,219 patients were included for meta-analyses. In DTCs, male gender, age ≥45 years, tumor size ≥4 cm, multifocality, vascular invasion (VI), extrathyroidal extension (ETE), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and lateral LNM were demonstrated to be associated with significant risks for DM. In addition, several clinicopathological factors such as age ≥45 years, VI, ETE, and LNM were shown to be significant risk factors for DM in both PTC and FTC subgroups.
Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated the promising value of several clinicopathological factors such as male gender, older age, VI, ETE, and LNM in predicting DM in PTCs and FTCs. Our study affirms the value of the selected clinicopathological factors for tumor risk stratification and assessment of patients' prognosis.
