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Diabetic Retinopathy: Recent Updates on Different Biomarkers and Some Therapeutic Agents
Amjad Ali Khan1, Arshad Husain Rahmani2, Yousef Homood Aldebasi3
1Department of Basic Health Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
Background:
Diabetic Retinopathy is a leading cause of sight-threatening complication, which occurs due to a number of physiological and metabolic abnormalities during later stages of diabetes. Many of these abnormal changes are consistent with altered oxidative stress, inflammation, genetic set up, advanced glycation end products, and hematological changes. So the altered levels of different biomolecules related to these changes serve as important biomarkers to assess better evaluation and early treatment of this disease. Some treatments like laser therapy may be fast and specific but are more expensive, limited and can result in severe contraindications. Several other novel treatment strategies have been evolved recently besides classical approaches like control over hyperglycemia, hypertension, lipid profile to control diabetic retinopathy. These precise treatments are based on targeting the elevated biomarkers in retina. Such treatments include use of anti-VEGF therapy, intravitreal corticosteroids, gamigliptin and flavonoids.
Conclusion:
The present review discusses the latest updates on diabetic retinopathy, common etiology, different biomarkers and current treatments. In conclusion, perfection and proper supervision of diabetes and early treatment of diabetic retinopathy are crucial in controlling the occurrence and severity of this disease.
Insights
Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, involves oxidative stress and inflammation. Early detection using biomarkers and advanced treatments targeting these markers are crucial for managing vision loss.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Endocrinology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of vision loss in diabetes patients.
- Pathological changes include oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered biomolecules.
- Biomarkers are key for early diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current understanding of diabetic retinopathy.
- To discuss novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
- To highlight the importance of diabetes management and timely intervention.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent advancements in diabetic retinopathy.
- Analysis of etiological factors, biomarkers, and treatment modalities.
- Synthesis of information on classical and novel therapeutic approaches.
Main Results:
- Identified key physiological and metabolic abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy.
- Highlighted the role of biomarkers in disease assessment.
- Summarized emerging treatments like anti-VEGF therapy, corticosteroids, gamigliptin, and flavonoids.
Conclusions:
- Effective diabetes control and prompt treatment of diabetic retinopathy are essential.
- Targeting specific biomarkers offers promising therapeutic avenues.
- Continued research is vital for improving patient outcomes and preventing blindness.
