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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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[Hyponatremia: A clinical approach].

D Yu Shchekochikhin1, N L Kozlovskaya1, F Yu Kopylov1

  • 1I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

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Summary

Hyponatremia, a common metabolic disorder, can cause severe health issues like cerebral edema or falls in the elderly. Prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial for managing this condition effectively.

Keywords:
arginine-vasopressinelectrolyte metabolismhyponatremia

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte imbalance encountered in clinical settings.
  • It is linked to adverse outcomes in various medical conditions.
  • Both acute and chronic forms pose significant health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic strategies for hyponatremia.
  • To present therapeutic approaches for hyponatremia across diverse clinical scenarios.
  • To emphasize the clinical significance beyond laboratory findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical practice guidelines and literature.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for hyponatremia.
  • Discussion of treatment modalities based on severity and chronicity.

Main Results:

  • Acute severe hyponatremia can lead to life-threatening cerebral edema.
  • Chronic hyponatremia increases fall and fracture risks, particularly in the elderly.
  • A comprehensive clinical evaluation is essential for appropriate management.

Conclusions:

  • Hyponatremia requires thorough clinical assessment, not just laboratory interpretation.
  • Individualized treatment plans are necessary for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Effective management strategies are vital for preventing complications.