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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrated OPTIR-FISH for Single-Cell Metabolic and Identity Analysis in Complex Environments
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Mid-infrared fiber-optic photothermal interferometry.

Zhili Li, Zhen Wang, Fan Yang

    Optics Letters
    |September 16, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mid-infrared photothermal interferometry (PTI) in hollow-core fiber (HCF) enhances trace gas detection. This method significantly boosts optical intensity for sensitive detection of gases like nitrous oxide (N2O).

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Fiber Optics

    Background:

    • Photothermal interferometry (PTI) is a sensitive technique for detecting light-absorbing species.
    • Free-space PTI systems face limitations in optical intensity and detection sensitivity.
    • Hollow-core fibers (HCFs) offer unique light-confining properties for enhanced optical interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate mid-infrared photothermal interferometry (PTI) within a hollow-core fiber (HCF) for trace gas detection.
    • To investigate the advantages of light confinement in HCFs for enhancing PTI sensitivity compared to free-space setups.
    • To achieve a low detection limit for nitrous oxide (N2O) using this integrated fiber-optic approach.

    Main Methods:

    • Coupling of a 4.46 μm quantum cascade laser (pump) and a 1555.14 nm probe laser into a 200 μm bore HCF.

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  • Filling the HCF with nitrous oxide (N2O) gas, which exhibits strong absorption at the pump wavelength.
  • Utilizing a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer to detect phase changes induced by N2O absorption of the probe light.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved orders of magnitude increase in optical intensity by confining pump and probe light within the HCF.
    • Demonstrated a minimum detection limit of 0.8 ppm for N2O using a 25 cm HCF and 6 mW pump power.
    • Obtained a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 4.9×10⁻⁷ cm⁻¹ WHz⁻¹/² for N2O detection.

    Conclusions:

    • Mid-infrared PTI in HCF is a highly effective method for sensitive trace gas detection.
    • HCF-based PTI significantly outperforms free-space systems due to enhanced optical intensity.
    • This technique shows great promise for compact and sensitive gas sensing applications.