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Related Concept Videos

Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Stress-Strain Diagram01:10

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A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
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Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
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True Stress and True Strain01:28

True Stress and True Strain

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Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
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Problem Solving on Stress and Strain01:22

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

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Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...
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Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

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To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
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Measurement of Compressive Stress-Strain Response at Small-Strains
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Direct measurement of strain-dependent solid surface stress.

Qin Xu1,2, Katharine E Jensen1,2, Rostislav Boltyanskiy2

  • 1Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.

Nature Communications
|September 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers directly measured solid surface stress in a soft polymer gel, revealing a significant dependence on strain. This finding suggests surface stress plays a larger role in solid mechanics than previously understood.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid Mechanics
  • Surface Physics

Background:

  • Surface stress is a critical interface property, but challenging to measure in solids like metals and oxides.
  • Existing understanding relies on theories, particularly concerning strain dependence, which remain largely untested.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure solid surface stress as a function of strain in a compliant material.
  • To investigate the strain dependence of surface stress and compare it with theoretical predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a soft polymer gel with high compliance and large elastic deformability for direct measurement.
  • Characterized the relationship between surface stress and applied strain.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured solid surface stress and demonstrated its dependence on strain via a surface modulus.
  • Observed that the surface modulus in soft gels is substantially larger than zero-strain surface tension.

Conclusions:

  • Surface stress is a significant factor in solid mechanics, even at larger length scales.
  • The findings validate theoretical predictions for metals and highlight the importance of strain in surface stress behavior.