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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
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How interindividual differences in brain anatomy shape reading accuracy.

Arnaud Cachia1,2,3,4,5, Margot Roell6,7,8,9, Jean-François Mangin9,10,11

  • 1Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS UMR8240, Sorbonne, 46 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France. arnaud.cachia@parisdescartes.fr.

Brain Structure & Function
|September 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Brain anatomy, specifically the pattern of the occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS), influences reading skills. This sulcal pattern, established before birth, impacts reading ability alongside education.

Keywords:
MRINeurodevelopmentReadingSESVWFA

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Reading acquisition is a complex process influenced by learning and brain changes.
  • Previous research focused on how reading impacts brain anatomy.
  • This study explores the inverse relationship: how brain anatomy constrains reading acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether and how brain anatomy constrains reading acquisition.
  • To identify specific anatomical features that predict reading skills.
  • To explore the developmental origins of individual differences in reading ability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
  • Examined the posterior part of the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS).
  • Assessed the relationship between sulcal pattern (continuous or interrupted) and reading skills.

Main Results:

  • The pattern of the left lateral occipito-temporal sulcus (OTS) predicts adult reading skills.
  • The age of reading acquisition modulates the effect of OTS anatomy on reading.
  • The length of sulcal interruption in the OTS correlates with reading skill levels.

Conclusions:

  • Individual differences in reading skills may originate from early brain development, specifically in prenatal sulcal patterns.
  • Brain anatomy, particularly the OTS, plays a role in reading acquisition.
  • Findings complement established socioeconomic and educational factors influencing reading ability.