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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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Proteoglycans01:05

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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G Protein-coupled Receptors

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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Related Experiment Video

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An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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HMGB proteins and arthritis.

Noboru Taniguchi1,2, Yasuhiko Kawakami3, Ikuro Maruyama4

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan. nobutanigu@gmail.com.

Human Cell
|September 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

High-mobility group box proteins (HMGB) regulate chromatin and immunity. HMGB2 deficiency in mice causes osteoarthritis, highlighting its role in cartilage homeostasis and chondrocyte function.

Keywords:
HMGB proteinInflammatory mediatorOsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritisWnt signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • High-mobility group box (HMGB) proteins are crucial for DNA binding and chromatin remodeling.
  • Extracellular HMGB proteins act as alarmins, initiating immune responses.
  • HMGB1 is implicated in rheumatoid arthritis inflammation, while HMGB2 is vital for cartilage health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of HMGB2 in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
  • To explore the relationship between HMGB2, β-catenin, and chondrocyte function in articular cartilage.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which HMGB2 influences gene transcription and cartilage homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Hmgb2 knockout mouse models to study osteoarthritis development.
  • Analyzed gene expression patterns and cellular phenotypes in articular cartilage.
  • Investigated the interaction of HMGB2 with nuclear factors and signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin.

Main Results:

  • Hmgb2 mutant mice exhibit early-onset osteoarthritis with specific defects in superficial articular cartilage zones.
  • HMGB2 deficiency is linked to altered gene expression, cell death, and OA-like pathogenesis.
  • HMGB2 regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy via Runt-related transcription factor 2 and Wnt signaling.

Conclusions:

  • HMGB2 plays a critical role in maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis and preventing osteoarthritis.
  • Dysregulation of HMGB2 impacts chondrocyte function and contributes to joint degeneration.
  • HMGB proteins are key regulators of joint inflammation and cartilage health.