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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Assessing Stem Cell DNA Integrity for Cardiac Cell Therapy
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Genome stability of programmed stem cell products.

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Summary

Genomic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells pose risks for cellular therapies. This review covers their types, detection, and development during reprogramming and culture.

Keywords:
Chromosomal aberrationsCopy number variationsInduced pluripotent stem cellsInsertions and deletionsKaryotype abnormalitiesSingle nucleotide variantsiPS cells

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • Genomic abnormalities are linked to genetic diseases and cancer.
  • Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs) exhibit significant mutational burdens.
  • These genetic alterations can impact stem cell differentiation and derivative functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types and origins of genetic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells.
  • To discuss methods for detecting these genomic alterations.
  • To explore mechanisms of development and enrichment during reprogramming and culture expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on genomic abnormalities in ESCs and iPSCs.
  • Analysis of genetic variation detection techniques.
  • Examination of reprogramming and cell culture processes.

Main Results:

  • Pluripotent stem cells accumulate various genetic abnormalities, including single nucleotide variants and copy number variations.
  • These abnormalities can arise during reprogramming and expansion.
  • Detection methods are crucial for assessing the safety of stem cell-based applications.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding genomic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells is critical for safe cellular therapies.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate risks associated with genetic instability.
  • Accurate detection and monitoring are essential for reliable disease modeling and drug screening.