Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-type ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae from a Thai community

The incidence of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Thailand is increasing and human intestinal flora is an important reservoir for these organisms. This study was carried out to determine the intestinal carriage of bla _CTX-M extended spectrum ß-lactamase-positive Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL + E) and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae in a community setting in Northern Thailand, and to identify potential risk factors for carriage. A total of 307 fecal samples were collected from healthy volunteers in Phitsanulok province, and cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CtxRE) were isolated using selective media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect ESBL and AmpC genes. Risk factors were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Genotyping was performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. Two hundred ninety-one CtxRE isolates were obtained and Escherichia coli was the predominant organism (66.3%). The intestinal carriage rates of bla _CTX-M ESBL + E and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae were 52.1% and 6.2%, respectively. Comparative levels of bla _{CTX-M group 1} and bla _{CTX-M group 9} were found while bla _CMY-2 was the predominant genotype among AmpC genes. Co-existence of two ß-lactamase genes in a single isolate was found in 6.5% of isolates. Consumption of undercooked meat was strongly associated with intestinal carriage of bla _CTX-M ESBL + E (p = 0.003, OR = 2.133, 95% CI = 1.289-3.530). Phylogenetic grouping and MLST analysis of E. coli isolates revealed the presence of E. coli B2-ST131 (n = 8). Of these, seven carried bla _{CTX-M-group 9} and 1 carried bla _CMY-2. Our results suggest that residents in Thailand are at high risk for developing endogenous infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.