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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

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Stratification in binary colloidal polymer films: experiment and simulations.

D K Makepeace1, A Fortini, A Markov

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK. j.keddie@surrey.ac.uk.

Soft Matter
|September 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stratified colloidal films form when increasing the fraction of small particles. This spontaneous stratification, observed in experiments and simulations, depends on particle size ratio and concentration, aiding functional coating design.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and surface science
  • Materials science
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Colloidal films deposited from binary mixtures can form diverse structures.
  • Stratified films, with surface composition differing from the interior, are of particular interest for functional applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore conditions for spontaneous stratification in colloidal films made from binary mixtures of small and large polymer particles.
  • To compare experimental and simulation results with a predictive model.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic variation of particle size ratio (α) and initial volume fraction of small particles (ϕS) in dilute and concentrated suspensions.
  • Utilizing experiments and Langevin dynamics simulations.
  • Comparing findings with a theoretical model predicting stratification based on particle interactions.

Main Results:

  • Stratified films were observed to develop upon increasing the initial volume fraction of small particles (ϕS), aligning with model predictions.
  • In concentrated suspensions, experimental stratification occurred only at a high size ratio (α = 7).
  • Simulations at high Péclet number predicted stratification for α = 2 at sufficiently high ϕS.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a quantitative understanding of the assembly conditions for stratified colloidal films.
  • Findings are relevant for designing coatings with tailored surface optical and mechanical properties.