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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Hyperparathyroidism.

John P Bilezikian1, Leonardo Bandeira2, Aliya Khan3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|September 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism, a common endocrine disorder, involves high calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Surgery can cure it, but monitoring is recommended for those not undergoing surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Calcium Metabolism
  • Mineral Disorders

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting calcium metabolism.
  • It is characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
  • The condition typically results from benign parathyroid tissue overgrowth, affecting a single gland or multiple glands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To discuss diagnostic criteria and management options.
  • To highlight the importance of updated surgical guidelines and monitoring strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics and biochemical profiles.
  • Evaluation of current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism is most often caused by a single benign parathyroid adenoma (80%) or multiple gland hyperplasia (15-20%).
  • The disease can be asymptomatic but carries risks of bone loss and kidney stones.
  • A variant exists with normal serum calcium but elevated parathyroid hormone.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical removal of affected parathyroid glands offers a cure.
  • Patient selection for surgery requires adherence to updated guidelines.
  • Non-surgical candidates benefit from regular monitoring of serum calcium and bone density.