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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
Published on: June 18, 2020
Treatment of Refractory Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Portal Hypertension: A Case Series and Treatment
J Balogh1, S Gordon-Burroughs1, P Schwarz2
1Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Texas; Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Texas.
Abstract:
In patients with portal hypertension, ectopic varices can develop at any site along the gastrointestinal tract outside the classically described gastroesophageal location. Like esophageal variceal hemorrhage, bleeding from ectopic varices can be life-threatening. Diagnosis and treatment of ectopic varices can be challenging; to date, no effective treatment algorithm has been described. A systematic teamwork approach to diagnosing and treatment of ectopic varices is required to successfully manage hemorrhage from ectopic varices.
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