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Dialysis01:15

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Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...
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Overview Of Cell Separation And Isolation01:20

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Cell separation was first achieved in 1964 by S. H. Seal, who separated large tumor cells from the smaller blood cells using filtration. Two years later, Pohl and Hawk performed experiments on how cells respond differently to a nonuniform electric field based on the cell type. Such observations were the inception of cell separation methods, which allow isolating a single cell type from a heterogeneous sample.
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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries...
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Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins01:18

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Detergents are used to purify the integral proteins of the membrane. The hydrophobic portion of the detergent can replace membrane phospholipids while solubilizing the membrane proteins. When detergent monomers reach a specific concentration in a solution called critical micelle concentration (CMC), they form micelles. Above CMC, the concentration of the detergent monomers remains in equilibrium with the micelle. The number of detergent monomers present in the CMC varies for each detergent, and...
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Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
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Plasma separation using a membrane.

Ryuichiro Hirano1, Kenichiro Namazuda1, Junsuke Suemitsu2

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Summary

Membrane-based plasma separation, including plasma exchange (PE), is a safe and effective therapy for various drug-resistant diseases. This technology, developed over 30 years ago, remains crucial for patient treatment globally.

Keywords:
Membrane plasma separatorPolyethylene membraneTherapeutic plasmapheresis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Clinical Nephrology
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Plasma separation is a critical therapeutic process utilized in various clinical modalities like plasma exchange (PE), double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), and plasma adsorption (PA).
  • These separation techniques are primarily achieved through centrifugation or filtration, with hollow fiber membranes playing a pivotal role in filtration-based methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development, clinical application, and established efficacy of membrane-type plasma separators.
  • To highlight the significance of plasmapheresis as a treatment for drug-resistant and refractory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the historical development and technological evolution of membrane-type plasma separators, particularly those utilizing hollow fiber membranes.
  • It examines the clinical application and established safety and efficacy of these devices in various therapeutic settings.

Main Results:

  • Membrane-type plasma separators, first developed in Japan in the 1980s, have been refined over three decades.
  • These devices are recognized as safe and well-established for treating numerous drug-resistant and refractory conditions.
  • Plasmapheresis is currently covered by national health insurance for approximately 30 diseases in Japan.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane-type plasma separators are a vital and continuously improved technology in clinical practice.
  • Plasmapheresis represents an important therapeutic alternative for patients with challenging, drug-resistant diseases.
  • The global use and established benefits of membrane-type plasma separators ensure their continued relevance in future medical treatments.