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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Mechanisms and Protocols.

Amir V Tavakoli1,2, Kyongsik Yun1,3,4

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|September 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) offers a method to modulate brain activity for neurological interventions. This review highlights tACS

Keywords:
cognitive performanceneural entrainmentneuromodulationneuroplasticitynon-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS)noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS)transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)

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Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Oscillating neural activity influences perception, cognition, and consciousness.
  • Neuronal dynamics are shaped by synaptic activity and membrane potential.
  • Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) presents a neuromodulatory approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).
  • To review key findings and applications of tACS in neuroscience.
  • To provide guidance on best practices for tACS protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tACS.
  • Discussion of tACS features: biphasic, sinusoidal currents, population entrainment, somatic control.
  • Emphasis on functional brain mechanisms and control experiments.

Main Results:

  • tACS allows for subtle control over neural activity and cognitive processes.
  • tACS is a valuable tool for investigating neural correlates of cognition.
  • Established findings demonstrate the efficacy of tACS in various cognitive domains.

Conclusions:

  • tACS protocols should be grounded in understanding functional brain mechanisms.
  • Rigorous control experiments, including sham conditions and blinding, are essential for valid tACS research.
  • Standardized best practices are needed to advance the field of tACS.