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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy
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What Drives Embryo Development? Chromosomal Normality or Mitochondria?

A Bayram1, I Elkhatib1, A Arnanz1

  • 1IVI Middle East, IVF-Laboratory, Royal Marina Village, Villa B22-23, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

Case Reports in Genetics
|September 21, 2017
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Summary

Euploid embryos with high mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content can arrest development. This study found no correlation between mtDNA levels and embryo chromosomal status, suggesting other factors influence successful implantation.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive medicine
  • Embryology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is a potential biomarker for embryo quality.
  • High mtDNA content has been anecdotally linked to poor embryo development.
  • Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) assesses chromosomal normality in embryos.

Observation:

  • Two cases of in vitro fertilization (IVF) are reported.
  • Mature oocytes were vitrified, thawed, and fertilized via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used for PGS and to determine mtDNA copy number (Mitoscore).

Findings:

  • In both cases, only one euploid embryo was identified after PGS.
  • These euploid embryos exhibited the highest Mitoscore among all biopsied embryos.
  • Both euploid embryos with high mtDNA arrested during further development, leading to cancelled embryo transfer.

Implications:

  • These findings suggest that high mtDNA content alone does not predict embryo arrest in euploid embryos.
  • The study highlights a potential disconnect between mtDNA levels and chromosomal normality.
  • Further research is needed to understand the complex factors influencing embryo development and implantation potential.