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Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
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Microbial Invasion vs. Tick Immune Regulation.

Daniel E Sonenshine1, Kevin R Macaluso2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|September 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Ticks are highly effective disease vectors due to their feeding habits and immune evasion strategies. Despite robust innate immunity, many tick-borne pathogens successfully evade detection and survive within the tick host.

Keywords:
Arp 23JAKSTATP11caveolaeclathrinpathobiologysalp 16

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Entomology
  • Pathogen Transmission Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Ticks are significant vectors for numerous human and animal diseases, transmitting a wider array of pathogens than other arthropods.
  • Their vectorial capacity is attributed to blood-feeding, prolonged survival off-host, and immune-modulating molecules facilitating pathogen survival.
  • The tick midgut provides a unique microenvironment supporting microbial survival, despite evolved host-pathogen interactions spanning over 300 million years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex interactions between ticks, hosts, and pathogens.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying tick vectorial capacity and pathogen survival within ticks.
  • To investigate how tick-borne microorganisms evade the tick's innate immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tick biology, immunology, and vector-borne diseases.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular immune responses in ticks, including Toll, IMD, and JAK-STAT pathways.
  • Examination of pathogen strategies for evading tick innate immunity.

Main Results:

  • Ticks possess a sophisticated innate immune system involving humoral (antimicrobial peptides) and cellular (phagocytosis) processes.
  • Signaling pathways like Toll, IMD, and JAK-STAT are crucial for recognizing and responding to microbial invaders.
  • Despite these defenses, numerous tick-borne pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade tick immunity and persist within the vector.

Conclusions:

  • Ticks exhibit remarkable vectorial capacity due to a combination of biological traits and immune evasion strategies employed by transmitted pathogens.
  • Understanding these intricate host-pathogen-vector interactions is key to controlling tick-borne diseases.
  • Further research into pathogen immune evasion mechanisms can inform novel disease control strategies.