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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

28.1K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

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Visualizing tRNA-dependent mistranslation in human cells.

Jeremy T Lant1, Matthew D Berg1, Daniel H W Sze1

  • 1a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada.

RNA Biology
|September 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular mistranslation, previously thought detrimental, can offer advantages. Human cells tolerate significant protein synthesis errors, especially under stress, revealing potential disease links.

Keywords:
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasecell stressgenetic codetRNAtranslation

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Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • High-fidelity protein translation is crucial for cellular function.
  • Recent studies indicate proteome-wide mistranslation can be tolerated and even advantageous.
  • Yeast models previously showed tolerance to tRNA-induced mistranslation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human tRNA-induced mistranslation.
  • To quantify mistranslation rates in human cells.
  • To explore the cellular response to mistranslation in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a human tRNAPro mutant to accept alanine.
  • Utilized a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter system to visualize mistranslation.
  • Quantified mistranslation rates in HEK 293 cells under various conditions.

Main Results:

  • Identified a human tRNAPro mutant that misacylates proline codons with alanine.
  • Visualized and quantified mistranslation in live human cells, reaching 2-5% rates.
  • Observed increased mistranslation during nutrient starvation, a stress-dependent phenomenon.
  • Human cells tolerated mistranslation without apparent viability loss or heat-shock response.

Conclusions:

  • Human cells can tolerate significant levels of mistranslation, particularly under stress.
  • Mistranslation may be a stress-adaptive mechanism in humans.
  • The study presents a cell-based screen for identifying disease-associated tRNA mutations.