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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Actor-Observer Effect01:23

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The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
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Data Collection by Observations01:08

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Data collection refers to a systematic way of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. Observational studies are one of the most widely used methods of data collection. It involves collecting data by observing the behavior and physical characteristics of a sample without making any modifications to the sample.
An astronomer viewing the motion and brightness of stars in the sky and recording the data is an example of observational data collection. A botanist recording...
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Observational Studies01:11

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Bystander Effect02:09

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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
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Characteristics of Patients With Constant Observers.

Susan Solimine1, Junji Takeshita1, Deborah Goebert1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI; Behavioral Health Division, The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI.

Psychosomatics
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Constant observers, or sitters, are used for patient safety. This study found sitters were most often used for suicide risk, agitation, and fall risk, with limited psychiatric consultation for behavioral issues.

Keywords:
Constant observerConsultation-Liaison psychiatryEpidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Medical practice
  • Patient safety

Background:

  • Constant observers, known as sitters, are frequently employed in medical settings to ensure patient safety.
  • This practice is common across various medical centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the utilization of sitters in a large hospital.
  • To identify reasons for sitter use and psychiatric consultation patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of patients requiring sitters.
  • Data collected from October 1, 2007, to September 31, 2013.

Main Results:

  • Top reasons for sitter use: suicide risk, agitation, fall risk, interfering with medical devices, and confusion.
  • Sitters were used for a mean of 3.4 days; mean hospital stay was 18.9 days.
  • Psychiatric consultation was low for agitation (8.5%), disorientation (6.3%), and decisional capacity concerns (12.7%), but high for suicide risk (87.4%).

Conclusions:

  • Findings can inform optimal sitter program implementation.
  • Aims to enhance patient safety and reduce healthcare costs.