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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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A gateway towards non-collinear spin processing using three-atom magnets with strong substrate coupling.

J Hermenau1, J Ibañez-Azpiroz2, Chr Hübner1

  • 1Department of Physics, Hamburg University, 20355, Hamburg, Germany.

Nature Communications
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate storing spin information in three-atom magnetic clusters for hours. This breakthrough in spin-based information technology utilizes non-collinear giant moment clusters and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions for enhanced control and a potential four-state memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Information

Background:

  • Spin-based information technology relies on magnetic clusters as bits.
  • Current methods often decouple spins from substrates for stability, limiting inter-bit coupling flexibility.
  • Achieving both stability and tunable coupling is crucial for advanced spintronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a method for writing, reading, and storing spin information in few-atom magnetic clusters.
  • To explore the use of strongly coupled, non-collinear giant moment clusters for spintronic applications.
  • To investigate the potential for a four-state memory using substrate-mediated interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a spin-resolved scanning tunneling microscope (STM) for atomic manipulation and spin detection.
  • Creating and studying non-collinear giant moment clusters with three atoms strongly coupled to a substrate.
  • Leveraging the substrate-mediated Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction for atomic tunability.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable storage of spin information in three-atom clusters for several hours.
  • Demonstrated the ability to drive the giant moment cluster into a Kondo screened state by atomic rearrangement.
  • Showcased a logical scheme for a four-state memory based on tunable interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Strongly coupled few-atom magnetic clusters can store spin information reliably.
  • Atomic manipulation and substrate-mediated interactions offer new pathways for spintronic device control.
  • This work paves the way for more flexible and advanced spin-based information processing and memory technologies.