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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Age-related changes in auditory processing and speech perception: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Harvey Babkoff^1,2, Leah Fostick³

¹Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.

European Journal of Ageing

|September 23, 2017

Summary

Aging impacts speech perception by affecting auditory temporal processing. This study confirms this link longitudinally, even when accounting for hearing and cognitive changes.

Keywords:

Aging Auditory temporal processing Cross-sectional design Longitudinal design Speech perception

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Area of Science:

Auditory Neuroscience
Speech Perception Research
Cognitive Aging

Background:

Cross-sectional studies suggest age-related speech perception decline is linked to auditory temporal processing.
Previous research often did not control for hearing sensitivity and cognitive ability changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between auditory temporal processing and speech perception across different age groups.
To examine these relationships using both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
To control for age-related hearing sensitivity and cognitive ability.

Main Methods:

Fifty-eight participants (aged 22-82) were tested in two phases, seven years apart.
Participants completed auditory processing tasks, speech perception tests (including in noise and compressed speech), and cognitive assessments.
Analyses included cross-sectional correlations and longitudinal modeling (generalized estimating equations).

Main Results:

Age correlated with hearing level, temporal processing, and speech perception in both phases.
Auditory temporal processing deficits were linked to poorer word recognition in noise and with compressed speech.
Longitudinal analysis revealed declines in hearing, temporal processing (dichotic TOJ), and speech perception over seven years.
Decreased speech perception over time was associated with increased temporal processing thresholds, independent of age, hearing, and cognition.

Conclusions:

Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data confirm a significant link between auditory temporal processing and speech perception in aging.
This association persists even after controlling for hearing sensitivity and cognitive function.
Auditory temporal processing is a crucial factor in age-related changes in speech understanding.