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Combined Islet and Kidney Xenotransplantation for Diabetic Nephropathy: Investigation of Pre-Vascularized Composite Grafts versus Sequential Islet-After-Kidney Transplantation in a Pig-to-Nonhuman Primate Model of Xenotransplantation.

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Renal Arterial Resistive Index Identifies Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Kidney Xenotransplantation in Pig-to-Baboon Model.

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MHC Class II Sharing Appears to Promote Intestinal Allograft Tolerance Through Linked Suppression in a Large Animal Model.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

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Tolerance in xenotransplantation.

Kazuhiko Yamada1, Megan Sykes, David H Sachs

  • 1aColumbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine bDepartment of Surgery cDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Advancements in gene editing have improved xenotransplantation survival, but achieving full tolerance remains a challenge. Future strategies focus on genetic engineering for long-term success in xenotransplantation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Xenotransplantation offers a potential solution to organ shortages.
  • Overcoming immunological barriers is critical for xenograft survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review progress in tolerance induction strategies for xenotransplantation.
  • To assess the potential of tolerance strategies for islet and kidney xenografts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced gene editing in multitransgenic pigs.
  • Employing mixed chimerism and thymic transplantation approaches.
  • Extending these strategies to pig-to-baboon models.

Main Results:

  • Gene-edited pig xenografts show prolonged survival (months to over 2 years).
  • Mixed chimerism and thymic grafts induced tolerance in pig-to-mouse models.
  • Encouraging results in pig-to-baboon models include graft survival and donor-specific unresponsiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Full in vivo tolerance in pig-to-baboon models is not yet achieved.
  • Genetic engineering of porcine donors shows promise for future tolerance induction.
  • Continued research is essential for successful xenotransplantation.