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Related Concept Videos

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
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Electroconvulsive Therapy for Super Refractory Status Epilepticus.

Jayme Ahmed1, Michael Metrick, Anne Gilbert

  • 1From the Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN.

The Journal of ECT
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may help treat super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) when other treatments fail. In a series of 8 patients, 63% showed improvement after ECT, suggesting its potential benefit in managing this severe neurological condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a severe neurological condition requiring advanced management, often including general anesthesia.
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered a last resort treatment for SRSE, with limited research on its efficacy.
  • Existing treatment modalities like pharmacotherapy and ketogenic diets may be ineffective for SRSE.

Observation:

  • This study presents the largest case series to date examining the effect of ECT on SRSE.
  • Eight adult patients with SRSE received ECT after exhausting other treatment options.
  • ECT involved a specific stimulus dosage (504 mC) delivered bifrontotemporally, with seizure activity monitored.

Findings:

  • 63% of patients (5 out of 8) exhibited clinical or neurotelemetric improvement within 24 hours post-ECT.
  • Improved cases received an average of 7.8 ECT stimulations, inducing an average of 4.2 seizures.
  • The study observed a positive response to ECT in SRSE cases refractory to other interventions.

Implications:

  • ECT may be a beneficial therapeutic option for managing super refractory status epilepticus.
  • These findings warrant further investigation into the role of ECT in SRSE treatment protocols.
  • The study contributes valuable data on the effectiveness of ECT in a challenging neurological condition.