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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

1.9K
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Protein Denaturation01:28

Protein Denaturation

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The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. Folding of the polypeptide chain takes place under specific conditions that energetically favor the folded conformation. In contrast, protein denaturation occurs spontaneously under unfavorable conditions that disrupt the integrity of the folded conformation. Thus, the chemical and physical environment of a protein, such as significant changes in pH...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

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Effect of Enamel Deproteinization in Primary Teeth.

Ananthi Christopher, R Krishnakumar, N Venugopal Reddy

    The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
    |September 23, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Deproteinization using sodium hypochlorite before acid etching significantly enhances enamel surface area for composite bonding. This improved adhesion surface area is crucial for dental restorations.

    Area of Science:

    • Dental Materials Science
    • Surface Chemistry
    • Biomaterials Engineering

    Background:

    • Enamel surface preparation is critical for durable dental restorations.
    • Acid etching creates microporosities for composite resin adhesion.
    • Investigating novel methods to optimize enamel surface topography is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the topographical features of human enamel surfaces etched with different materials.
    • To evaluate the effect of deproteinization on enamel etching patterns.
    • To determine the optimal surface treatment for enhanced composite adhesion.

    Main Methods:

    • Ten extracted human primary molars were prepared into 1 mm² blocks.
    • Enamel surfaces were treated with 35% phosphoric acid, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite plus 35% phosphoric acid, or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite alone.
    Keywords:
    DeproteinizationEnamelEtching

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    Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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    Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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  • Scanning electron microscopy analyzed enamel surface topography and etching patterns (Type I-II).

    • Main Results:

    • The combined treatment of sodium hypochlorite and phosphoric acid yielded a larger mean surface area (45051.34 μm²) for Type I-II etching patterns compared to phosphoric acid alone (39608.18 μm²).
    • Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in etching patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • Deproteinization with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite before acid etching increases the enamel surface area available for composite material adhesion.
    • This pre-treatment strategy can potentially improve the bond strength and longevity of dental restorations.