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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

5.4K
Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

3.7K
The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Cytoskeletal Accessory Proteins01:13

Cytoskeletal Accessory Proteins

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The cytoskeleton is an essential cell component that plays several structural and functional roles. However, the filaments that make up the cytoskeleton cannot function independently and depend on the accessory or ancillary proteins to effectively carry out their function. Accessory proteins associate with cytoskeletal filaments and their monomers, aiding filament formation and function. They also help in the cross-communication among cytoskeletal filaments. Cytoskeletal accessory proteins are...
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

3.3K
The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

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The Kinetochore Receptor for the Cohesin Loading Complex.

Stephen M Hinshaw1, Vasso Makrantoni2, Stephen C Harrison3

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cohesin loading at centromeres is directed by Ctf19 protein phosphorylation, a mechanism conserved in vertebrates for genome stability and gene regulation.

Keywords:
cell cyclecentromerecohesinkinetochore

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The cohesin complex is crucial for genome organization, maintenance, expression, and segregation.
  • Targeted cohesin recruitment to specific DNA sites is essential for establishing chromosomal linkages.
  • The budding yeast centromere serves as a model system for understanding directed cohesin loading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying specific cohesin recruitment to the centromere.
  • To identify the key proteins and phosphorylation events involved in targeted cohesin loading.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the budding yeast centromere as a model system.
  • Investigating the role of the kinetochore protein Ctf19 and the DDK kinase.
  • Analyzing the interaction between phosphorylated Ctf19 and the Scc2/4 cohesin loading complex.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylation of the Ctf19 protein by DDK creates a binding site for the Scc2/4 cohesin loading complex.
  • This interaction specifically directs cohesin loading to centromeres.
  • A similar mechanism was found to operate in vertebrate cells.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a complete molecular description of targeted cohesin loading.
  • This mechanism is vital for accurate chromosome segregation and gene transcription regulation in both yeast and vertebrates.