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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Human Genetics01:28

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
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The genetic influence in fluorosis.

Sreemanta Pramanik1, Depanwita Saha1

  • 1Kolkata Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, i-8 Sector-C, East Kolkata Area Development Project, Kolkata 700107, India.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
|September 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors influence fluorosis susceptibility. Variations in genes like COL1A2 and VDR may alter risk for dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis in endemic populations.

Keywords:
Candidate genesExposureFluorosisGenetic associationGenetic polymorphisms

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Human Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Fluorosis, caused by excess fluoride ingestion, affects millions globally, particularly in China and India.
  • Major types include dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis, with varying individual susceptibility.
  • Existing research suggests genetic factors play a role in differential susceptibility to fluorosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review genetic association studies on fluorosis.
  • To explore the involvement of genetic factors in fluorosis risk.
  • To consolidate current understanding of gene-environment interactions in fluorosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic epidemiological studies on fluorosis.
  • Analysis of candidate gene polymorphisms associated with fluorosis risk.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking genetic variants to fluorosis susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes (e.g., COL1A2, VDR, ESR) are associated with altered fluorosis risk.
  • Individual genetic background significantly influences susceptibility to fluorosis.
  • Specific gene variants may increase or decrease the risk of developing fluorosis.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic factors are crucial determinants of fluorosis susceptibility.
  • Further research into gene-environment interactions is warranted for targeted prevention.
  • Understanding genetic predispositions can aid in managing fluorosis in endemic areas.