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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Headache.

Paul Rizzoli1, William J Mullally1

  • 1Graham Headache Center, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

The American Journal of Medicine
|September 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Headache is a common medical complaint with a long history. This review covers current diagnosis, classification, and management of headache disorders like migraine and tension-type headache.

Keywords:
Cluster headacheHeadacheHeadache classificationMigraineTension-type headache

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Headache is a universal human experience and a frequent medical complaint.
  • Historical classifications of headache date back to antiquity.
  • Headache evaluation can range from simple to complex, with potential for serious underlying causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic criteria for headache disorders.
  • To discuss established and emerging classifications of headaches.
  • To outline principles of management for common headache types.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current diagnostic and classification systems.
  • Synthesis of management strategies for prevalent headache conditions.
  • Focus on primary headache disorders including migraine, tension-type headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias.

Main Results:

  • Provides an overview of the diagnostic challenges and approaches to headache.
  • Details current classification systems for various headache disorders.
  • Summarizes management principles for key headache types, including daily headaches.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and classification are crucial for effective headache management.
  • Understanding the spectrum of headache disorders, from benign to ominous, is essential for clinicians.
  • This review offers a comprehensive guide to current knowledge on headache diagnosis and treatment.