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Related Concept Videos

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Evolving Centromeres and Kinetochores.

Steven Friedman1, Michael Freitag1

  • 1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.

Advances in Genetics
|September 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Kinetochores, crucial for cell division, link chromosomes to microtubules. Variations in their peripheral proteins across species may explain adaptation and disease, like chromosome instability.

Keywords:
CCANCENP-ACentromereFungiKMNKinetochore

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chromosomes contain genetic material, essential for life.
  • Nuclear division relies on coordinated interactions between spindle microtubules, kinetochores, centromeres, and chromatin.
  • Kinetochores are large protein complexes (approx. 5MDa, ≥45 proteins) vital for chromosome segregation during cell division.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional significance of conserved and variable components within kinetochore protein complexes.
  • To understand how kinetochore structural variations contribute to adaptation and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of kinetochore protein components across different taxonomic groups.
  • Investigating the structural and functional conservation of kinetochore core proteins.
  • Examining variations in peripheral kinetochore subcomplexes.

Main Results:

  • Kinetochore central components are highly conserved, forming a consistent core structure.
  • Peripheral kinetochore subcomplexes exhibit significant variation in protein composition and sequence across taxa.
  • The functional impact of these peripheral variations remains largely undetermined.

Conclusions:

  • Kinetochore structure features a conserved core and variable peripheral regions.
  • Understanding kinetochore variation may offer insights into evolutionary adaptation and diseases linked to chromosome instability.