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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Apoptosis induced by Staphylococcus aureus toxins.

Xiaopeng Zhang1, Xiaomei Hu1, Xiancai Rao1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.

Microbiological Research
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Summary

Staphylococcus aureus toxins induce apoptosis, impacting disease severity in conditions like sepsis. This review explores these toxins, their mechanisms, and potential cancer therapies.

Keywords:
ApoptosisStaphylococcus aureusToxins

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Bacterial toxins frequently induce apoptosis during infections, playing a significant role in disease pathogenesis.
  • Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, is known to trigger apoptosis, influencing the severity and outcomes of diseases such as atopic dermatitis and sepsis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the apoptosis-inducing toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus.
  • To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. aureus-mediated apoptosis.
  • To discuss novel cancer therapies utilizing reconstructed S. aureus toxins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Staphylococcus aureus toxins and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of research on the mechanisms of toxin-induced apoptosis.
  • Exploration of emerging therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Staphylococcus aureus secretes various toxins capable of inducing apoptosis.
  • Specific toxins and their molecular pathways contribute to disease severity.
  • Reconstructed toxins show promise in experimental cancer therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis induced by S. aureus toxins is a critical factor in infection and disease.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting S. aureus toxins offers potential for novel cancer treatments.