Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

10.8K
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
10.8K
Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

121.1K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
121.1K
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

3.7K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
3.7K
Layers of the Heart Wall01:15

Layers of the Heart Wall

6.0K
The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...
6.0K
Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

3.1K
The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
3.1K
Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

18.0K
Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
18.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interaction between pulmonary vasculature and the patent ductus arteriosus in very premature infants.

Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine·2020
Same author

Pulse oximetry in neonates at high altitudes: a modified Colorado protocol.

Cardiology in the young·2020
Same author

A Brief History of Studies of Ventricular Twisting: A Tribute to Dr Gerald Buckberg.

The Annals of thoracic surgery·2018
Same author

A Preliminary Study of Left Ventricular Rotational Mechanics in Children with Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy: Do They Influence Ventricular Function?

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography·2018
Same author

The Ratio Fallacy, with Special Reference to the Cardiac Index.

Pediatric cardiology·2018
Same author

Are there two different myocardial echogenic lines?

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing a Translational Model for Atrial Fibrillation Research Across Species
08:52

Author Spotlight: Developing a Translational Model for Atrial Fibrillation Research Across Species

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.5K

Will the real ventricular architecture please stand up?

Julien I E Hoffman1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California jiehoffman@gmail.com.

Physiological Reports
|September 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB) model explains cardiac function but overlooks anatomical details. This review compares the HVMB model to the nested layers model, suggesting a replacement for a more accurate understanding of ventricular mechanics.

Keywords:
Circumferential fibersmodelingmyolaminaesubendocardial left‐handed helixsubepicardial right‐handed helixtethering

More Related Videos

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

18.2K
Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice
08:09

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

Published on: May 28, 2010

64.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing a Translational Model for Atrial Fibrillation Research Across Species
08:52

Author Spotlight: Developing a Translational Model for Atrial Fibrillation Research Across Species

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.5K
Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

18.2K
Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice
08:09

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

Published on: May 28, 2010

64.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Cardiac Anatomy
  • Biomechanical Modeling

Background:

  • Ventricular twisting is crucial for cardiac function, driven by myocardial helical fibers.
  • The helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB) model is a common framework for understanding ventricular function.
  • Limitations exist in the HVMB model regarding ventricular anatomy, necessitating alternative explanations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the established helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB) model with the nested layers model.
  • To evaluate the explanatory power of each model concerning ventricular anatomy and function.
  • To propose a potentially more accurate model for cardiac mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Review and comparison of existing literature on cardiac anatomy and function models.
  • Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the HVMB model.
  • Evaluation of the nested layers model as an alternative framework.

Main Results:

  • The HVMB model, while useful, omits critical aspects of ventricular anatomy.
  • The nested layers model offers a potentially more comprehensive explanation of cardiac mechanics.
  • Interpreting myocardial function requires careful consideration of activation and inactivation dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB) model may be insufficient for fully explaining cardiac function due to anatomical oversights.
  • The nested layers model presents a viable alternative for understanding ventricular mechanics.
  • Further research is needed to refine models of cardiac anatomy and function, considering the complexities of myocardial activation and inactivation.