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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model
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Reassessing apoptosis in plants.

Martin Dickman1,2, Brett Williams3, Yurong Li4,5

  • 1Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. mbdickman@tamu.edu.

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|September 27, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants shares features with animal apoptosis, but lacks phagocytosis. Emerging evidence suggests plant vacuoles may perform analogous functions, supporting apoptotic-like cell death.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process crucial for plant development and stress response.
  • While plant PCD mechanisms are increasingly understood, the precise molecular machinery remains elusive.
  • The conservation of apoptosis, a specific form of PCD, in plants is still debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for apoptotic-like cell death in plants.
  • To discuss the similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD.
  • To explore the potential role of the vacuole in plant cell removal.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on plant PCD.
  • Comparative analysis of molecular and morphological features of plant and animal cell death.
  • Discussion of emerging evidence regarding vacuolar function in plant PCD.

Main Results:

  • Plants exhibit many biochemical and morphological hallmarks of apoptosis.
  • Conserved animal apoptotic regulators like Bcl-2 family members are absent in plants, yet can influence plant PCD.
  • Phagocytosis, common in animal apoptosis, is absent in plants, with the vacuole potentially playing a similar role.

Conclusions:

  • Plants display significant features of apoptotic-like cell death.
  • The vacuole may serve a phagocytosis-analogous function in plant PCD.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the conserved mechanisms of PCD across kingdoms.