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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Sexually divergent DNA methylation patterns with hippocampal aging.

Dustin R Masser1,2,3, Niran Hadad1,3,4, Hunter L Porter1,3,4

  • 1Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma, OK, USA.

Aging Cell
|September 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Sex significantly influences DNA methylation changes in the aging hippocampus. These age-related epigenetic alterations, particularly in DNA methylation patterns, differ between males and females, impacting brain aging and neurodegenerative disease risk.

Keywords:
DNA methylationagingdivergenceepigeneticshippocampussex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation regulates genome function and is linked to aging and mortality.
  • Aging hippocampus exhibits sex-specific changes, affecting cognitive function and neurodegenerative disease vulnerability.
  • The role of sex in age-related hippocampal epigenomic alterations remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate genome-wide DNA methylation changes in the aging mouse hippocampus, considering the factor of sex.
  • To identify sex-specific age-related alterations in DNA methylation patterns within the hippocampus.
  • To compare findings with human data to assess translational relevance.

Main Methods:

  • High-depth, genome-wide bisulfite sequencing was performed on hippocampi from young (3-month) and old (24-month) male and female mice.
  • Analysis focused on differential DNA methylation in both CG and non-CG (CH) contexts across the genome.
  • Autosomal methylation patterns were analyzed for sex differences in both aging and lifelong contexts.

Main Results:

  • Total genomic methylation levels did not change with age, but specific sites showed age-related increases or decreases.
  • Age-related methylation changes were predominantly sexually divergent, affecting both CG and CH sites.
  • Differential methylation was enriched in intergenic and intronic regions, while under-represented in promoters and CG islands.
  • Lifelong sex differences in autosomal methylation were observed, consistent with findings in human data.

Conclusions:

  • Sex is a critical, previously unrecognized factor in hippocampal epigenomic changes during aging.
  • Aging-induced DNA methylation alterations in the hippocampus are intricate and influenced by sex, cytosine context, genomic location, and methylation level.
  • These findings highlight the importance of considering sex in studies of brain aging and neurodegeneration.