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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Published on: September 25, 2012

CNS embryonal tumours: WHO 2016 and beyond.

J C Pickles^1,2, C Hawkins³, T Pietsch⁴

¹Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.

Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology

|September 27, 2017

Summary

Central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors are challenging to diagnose and treat in children. Recent WHO classification updates integrate molecular data for improved diagnosis and risk stratification of these pediatric CNS tumors.

Keywords:

World Health Organisation atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour embryonal tumour embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes medulloblastoma

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Pediatric Oncology
Molecular Pathology

Background:

Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) pose significant clinical challenges, particularly in young children, often leading to high mortality and aggressive treatment with poor long-term outcomes.
Accurate diagnosis, outcome prediction, and personalized therapy are crucial for managing these pediatric CNS neoplasms.
Tumor heterogeneity in embryonal tumors has historically complicated diagnosis and classification.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the recent revisions in the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of CNS tumors.
To highlight the integration of molecular characteristics into CNS tumor diagnosis, a significant change introduced in 2016.
To discuss common diagnostic testing strategies for embryonal CNS tumors in light of updated classifications.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature and updates to the WHO classification of CNS tumors.
Analysis of the impact of molecular data integration on diagnostic work-up.
Description of current diagnostic testing strategies for embryonal CNS tumors.

Main Results:

The 4th edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumors incorporates molecular features, marking a shift from purely histological assessments.
This integration aids in refining the diagnosis and reporting of CNS tumors, including challenging embryonal types.
Various molecular and genetic testing strategies are now integral to the diagnostic process.

Conclusions:

The revised WHO classification represents a significant advancement in the diagnosis and management of CNS embryonal tumors.
Integrating molecular data is essential for overcoming tumor heterogeneity and improving diagnostic accuracy.
Understanding updated classifications and diagnostic strategies is vital for clinicians managing pediatric CNS tumors.