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Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip

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Triggering Processes in Rock Fracture.

Jörn Davidsen^1,2, Grzegorz Kwiatek², Elli-Maria Charalampidou³

¹Complexity Science Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.

Physical Review Letters

|September 27, 2017

Summary

In triaxial compression experiments, event-event triggering is crucial for rock fracture when large imperfections exist. This triggering explains aftershock seismicity patterns, even in compaction-dominated events.

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Area of Science:

Rock mechanics
Seismology
Geophysics

Background:

Understanding rock fracture mechanics is essential for predicting seismic events.
Acoustic emission (AE) analysis provides insights into rock deformation and failure processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of event-event triggering in rock fracture under triaxial compression.
To analyze the influence of macroscopic imperfections on triggering processes in sandstone and granite.

Main Methods:

Conducting triaxial compression experiments on sandstone and granite samples at a constant displacement rate.
Utilizing spatially located acoustic emission (AE) events and their focal mechanisms to study triggering.
Analyzing empirical relations of aftershock seismicity, including Gutenberg-Richter and Omori-Utsu relations.

Main Results:

Event-event triggering significantly influences fracture in the presence of large-scale imperfections.
Triggering is largely absent in samples without significant imperfections.
Established aftershock seismicity relations (Gutenberg-Richter, Omori-Utsu) are recovered in imperfect samples, despite swarmlike AE activity.
The b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation is smaller for triggered events than for background events.
Triggered AE events exhibit focal mechanisms more similar to their triggers than expected by chance.

Conclusions:

Macroscopic imperfections are critical for enabling significant event-event triggering in rock fracture.
Triggering cascades, even with compaction-type events, can reproduce key seismicity scaling laws.
Focal mechanism similarity suggests a direct physical link between triggered events and their sources.