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Stepwise Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Spinor Gas.

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We observed sequential condensation of sodium atoms in different spin states (Zeeman components) as temperature decreased. The condensation order varied with magnetic field strength and interactions, altering the phase diagram.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Quantum gases
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates exhibit complex phase diagrams.
  • The influence of magnetic fields and interactions on spin-1 condensates is crucial for understanding their behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multistep condensation of sodium atoms with spin F=1.
  • To analyze how varying magnetization and quadratic Zeeman energy (QZE) affect the condensation sequence and phase diagram.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of sodium atom condensation.
  • Tuning temperature and applied magnetic fields to control Zeeman components and QZE.

Main Results:

  • Observed sequential condensation of different Zeeman components (mF=0, ±1) with decreasing temperature.
  • Demonstrated that the condensation sequence is highly sensitive to magnetization and QZE.
  • Showcased significant shifts in phase boundaries due to interactions, especially for large QZE.
  • Identified qualitative changes in the phase diagram for small QZE, including condensation in mF=±1, which is not seen in ideal spin-1 gases.

Conclusions:

  • The phase diagram of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates is significantly influenced by interactions and quadratic Zeeman energy.
  • Antiferromagnetic interactions can lead to novel condensation behaviors not predicted by ideal gas models.