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Related Concept Videos

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Quantum thermodynamic cycle with quantum phase transition.

Yu-Han Ma1,2, Shan-He Su1, Chang-Pu Sun1,2

  • 1Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores quantum heat engines using the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model. It finds that quantum phase transitions significantly enhance engine efficiency, approaching the Carnot limit under specific conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Thermodynamics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • The Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model is a fundamental model for studying quantum phase transitions (QPTs).
  • Understanding the thermodynamic performance of quantum systems near QPTs is crucial for developing efficient quantum heat engines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the thermodynamic performance of a constructed cycle involving QPTs.
  • To explore the relationship between energy level crossings and quantum heat engine efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a thermodynamic cycle with isothermal and isomagnetic field processes using the LMG model.
  • Analysis of the cycle's efficiency, particularly near the critical point of the QPT.
  • Derivation of the analytical partition function in the thermodynamic limit (N→∞).

Main Results:

  • The cycle's efficiency approaches the Carnot limit when the magnetic field reaches the ground state energy level crossing point.
  • Energy level crossings at low temperatures significantly improve quantum heat engine efficiency.
  • Maximum efficiency and Carnot efficiency are achieved at low temperatures when isothermal processes bracket the QPT critical point.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum phase transitions in the LMG model, particularly below the critical temperature, are beneficial for thermodynamic cycle operation.
  • The study demonstrates a direct link between QPTs and enhanced quantum heat engine performance.
  • The findings suggest potential pathways for designing more efficient quantum thermal devices.