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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

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Published on: April 27, 2021

Do the physical and environment PETTLEP elements predict sport imagery ability?

Nurwina Anuar^1,2, Sarah E Williams¹, Jennifer Cumming¹

¹a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.

European Journal of Sport Science

|September 28, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Priming sport imagery with physical and environmental elements enhances athletes' ability in skill, strategy, goal, affect, and mastery imagery. This study shows how athletes image influences their overall imagery effectiveness.

Keywords:

Imagery ability PETTLEP imagery environment elements imagery types physical elements

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Area of Science:

Sport Psychology
Motor Learning
Cognitive Science

Background:

Imagery is a key cognitive skill in sport.
The PETTLEP (Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, Perspective) model provides a framework for effective imagery.
The specific influence of physical and environmental elements on imagery ability requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the relationship between physical and environmental elements of PETTLEP imagery and the ability to perform five types of sport imagery.
To investigate whether incorporating physical and environmental cues in imagery influences skill, strategy, goal, affect, and mastery imagery.
To test a hypothetical model linking imagery priming to imagery ability.

Main Methods:

290 athletes completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ).
Participants also completed custom items assessing the use of physical and environmental PETTLEP imagery elements.
Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the hypothesized relationships.

Main Results:

Imagery priming using physical and environmental elements significantly predicted imagery ability across all five types (skill, strategy, goal, affect, mastery).
The hypothesized model demonstrated a good fit to the data, supporting the positive association.
Specific beta coefficients indicated the strength of the relationship for each imagery type.

Conclusions:

Incorporating physical and environmental elements into sport imagery is associated with enhanced ability in skill, strategy, goal, affect, and mastery imagery.
The findings suggest that the method of imagery execution impacts an athlete's overall imagery proficiency.
This research extends current models of imagery use by highlighting the importance of specific PETTLEP components.