[Reflux nephropathy in children: early diagnosis and monitoring]

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Nephrology
• Urology
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common pediatric obstructive uropathy.
• Reflux nephropathy (RN) is a major complication of VUR, leading to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.
• Early intervention with renoprotective therapy is vital for preserving native kidney function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis in RN.
• To explore instrumental and non-instrumental diagnostic methods for RN.
• To highlight sensitive, non-invasive techniques for early RN detection.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis.
• Analysis of current instrumental and non-instrumental diagnostic approaches for RN.
• Evaluation of novel biomarkers for RN diagnosis and prognosis.

Main Results:

• Kidney fibrosis is a key process in RN progression.
• Various diagnostic methods exist, but highly sensitive, non-invasive options are needed.
• Promising biomarkers show potential for early RN detection and prediction.

Conclusions:

• Early and accurate diagnosis of RN is essential for effective renoprotective strategies.
• Non-invasive methods and novel biomarkers are critical for improving RN management in children.
• Further research into these methods can prevent progression to end-stage kidney disease.