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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making01:20

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
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Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
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Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Decision-making in panic disorder. Preliminary report.

Katarzyna Jakuszkowiak-Wojten1, Alicja Raczak, Jerzy Landowski

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki St. 7 build. 25, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, k.jakuszkowiak@gumed.edu.pl.

Psychiatria Danubina
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Summary

Panic disorder patients show higher impulsivity but similar decision-making to controls. However, higher depression levels in panic disorder patients correlate with slower decision-making processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Panic disorder (PD) is associated with impaired decision-making, risk aversion, and impulsivity.
  • Executive function deficits may underlie altered behavioral strategies in PD.
  • This study investigates decision-making, risk-taking, and impulsivity in PD patients versus healthy controls.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess decision-making processes in panic disorder patients.
  • To evaluate risk-taking behavior in individuals with panic disorder.
  • To measure impulsivity levels in panic disorder patients compared to healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one drug-naive PD outpatients and 20 healthy controls were recruited.
  • Cognitive decision-making and risk-taking were assessed using the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT).
  • Impulsivity, anxiety, and depression were measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in CGT-assessed decision-making were found between PD patients and controls.
  • Higher anxiety in PD patients correlated with fewer risky decisions.
  • PD patients with higher depression (HADS-D) exhibited slower decision-making.
  • PD patients demonstrated significantly higher overall impulsivity, including attentional and motor dimensions, than controls.

Conclusions:

  • Decision-making, as measured by CGT, did not significantly differ between drug-naive PD patients and healthy controls.
  • Elevated depression levels in PD patients are linked to slowed decision-making.
  • Impulsivity is a notable trait in panic disorder patients.