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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter02:57

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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
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The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
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Chemical Reactions01:19

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
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Chemical Reactions02:26

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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Physico-Chemical Processes.

Bin Hua, Huixin Xiong, Mohammed Kadhom

    Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation
    |September 29, 2017
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    This review covers 2016 research on physico-chemical water and wastewater treatment processes. It details advancements in filtration, sedimentation, coagulation, flotation, oxidation, and adsorption methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Water Treatment Technologies
    • Chemical Engineering

    Background:

    • Effective water and wastewater treatment is crucial for public health and environmental protection.
    • Physico-chemical processes are fundamental to removing contaminants from water.
    • Continuous research and development are needed to improve treatment efficiency and sustainability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and synthesize research on physico-chemical water and wastewater treatment processes published in 2016.
    • To identify key advancements and trends in the field.
    • To provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in selected treatment technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of scientific publications from 2016.
    • Categorization of research into specific treatment process areas.
    • Synthesis of findings across different treatment methodologies.

    Main Results:

    • Significant research activity was observed in granular and membrane filtration, sedimentation, coagulation/flocculation, flotation, oxidation, and adsorption.
    • Emerging trends and innovations were identified within each process category.
    • The review highlights the dynamic nature of research in water and wastewater treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • The year 2016 saw substantial contributions to the understanding and application of physico-chemical water treatment processes.
    • Continued research is vital for addressing global water quality challenges.
    • The reviewed processes collectively offer a robust framework for water and wastewater management.