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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
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An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

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Activity-Dependence of Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics.

Luca A Forte1, Michael W Gramlich1, Vitaly A Klyachko2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synaptic vesicle recycling involves complex motion states. Neural activity reduces vesicle mobility, impacting neurotransmitter release and synaptic function.

Keywords:
activity-dependencepresynaptic functionsingle-particle trackingsynaptic vesiclevesicle recycling

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Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

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Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicle recycling is crucial for proper synapse function.
  • Understanding vesicle dynamics during recycling is limited by bouton size and activity regulation.
  • The role of neural activity in regulating vesicle motion during recycling is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the dynamical states of synaptic vesicles during recycling.
  • To investigate whether vesicle motion is regulated by neural activity.
  • To elucidate the impact of activity-dependent modulation on vesicle availability and neurotransmitter release.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanoscale-resolution tracking of individual synaptic vesicles in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
  • Employed advanced motion analysis techniques to study vesicle dynamics.
  • Analyzed activity-dependent modulation of vesicle motion in response to neural stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified transient dynamical states in synaptic vesicles, including directed, diffusional, and stalled motion.
  • Demonstrated that neural activity modulates vesicle motion in an activity-dependent manner.
  • Observed an overall reduction in vesicle mobility, particularly directed motion, upon stimulation across the bouton population.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic vesicles exhibit complex dynamical states during recycling.
  • Neural activity significantly modulates synaptic vesicle mobility.
  • Activity-dependent regulation of vesicle mobility is a key mechanism controlling vesicle availability and neurotransmitter release, offering fundamental insights into synaptic function.