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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Vascular stem/progenitor cells: functions and signaling pathways.

Weisi Lu1, Xuri Li2

  • 1The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|September 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular stem/progenitor cells (VSCs) are crucial for blood vessel health and repair. Further research is needed to understand how VSCs function in normal and diseased states, particularly in eye conditions.

Keywords:
AngiogenesisEndothelial cellEye diseaseNeovascularizationPericyteSmooth muscle cell

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Vascular stem/progenitor cells (VSCs) are essential for blood vessel development, maintenance, and repair.
  • VSCs contribute to both normal physiology and the pathophysiology of various diseases.
  • Key VSC types include endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs), pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical roles of VSCs in vascular health and disease.
  • To emphasize the need for further research into VSC function and regulation.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding VSCs for basic and translational research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on VSC derivation, markers, and differentiation.
  • Analysis of the known roles of VSCs in physiological and pathological processes.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps regarding VSC regulation and function.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding VSC origins and differentiation over the past two decades.
  • VSCs are found in various tissues, including bone marrow, blood, and vessel walls.
  • Mechanisms governing VSC function and maintenance in health and disease (e.g., eye diseases) require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding VSCs is vital due to their fundamental roles in all human tissues and organs.
  • Further investigation into the molecular basis of VSC function is critical for advancing vascular research.
  • This knowledge is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases.