Limitations of oxygen uptake and leg muscle activity during ascending evacuation in stairways

Stair ascending performance is critical during evacuation from buildings and underground infrastructures. Healthy subjects performed self-paced ascent in three settings: 13 floor building, 31 floor building, 33 m stationary subway escalator. To investigate leg muscle and cardiorespiratory capacities and how they constrain performance, oxygen uptake (VO₂), heart rate (HR) and ascending speed were measured in all three; electromyography (EMG) in the first two. The VO₂ and HR ranged from 89 to 96% of the maximum capacity reported in the literature. The average highest VO₂ and HR ranged from 39 to 41 mL·kg^-1·min^-1 and 162 to 174 b·min^-1, respectively. The subjects were able to sustain their initial preferred maximum pace for a short duration, while the average step rate was 92-95 steps·min^-1. In average, VO₂ reached relatively stable values at ≈37 mL·kg^-1·min^-1. EMG amplitudes decreased significantly and frequencies were unchanged. Speed reductions indicate that climbing capacity declined in the process of fatigue development. In the two buildings, the reduction of muscle power allowed the subjects to extend their tolerance and complete ascents in the 48 m and 109 m high stairways in 2.9 and 7.8 min, respectively. Muscle activity interpretation squares were developed and proved advantageous to observe fatigue and recovery over time.